Femmes scientifiques noires en fête

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NASA's "ordinateurs humains & # x201D; Katherine Johnson, Mary Jackson et Dorothy Vaughan ont pénétré dans nos cœurs via le film à succès Figures cachées, mais il y a tellement d'autres femmes scientifiques noires fantastiques qui méritent l'attention. Pour célébrer le Mois de l'histoire des Noirs, voici quelques autres femmes extraordinaires qui se sont taillé une place dans la science.

Alice Ball (Chimiste)

Alice Ball 

(Photo: domaine public)

Alice Augusta Ball est née le 24 juillet 1892 à Seattle, Washington, de Laura, photographe, et de James P. Ball, Jr., avocat. Ball obtint des diplômes de premier cycle en chimie pharmaceutique (1912) et en pharmacie (1914) de l'Université de Washington. En 1915, Ball est devenue la toute première femme afro-américaine et la toute première femme à obtenir un diplôme de maîtrise. diplôme en chimie du College of Hawaii (maintenant connue sous le nom d'University of Hawaii). Elle a également été la toute première femme enseignante en chimie dans la même institution..

Ball a beaucoup travaillé en laboratoire pour mettre au point un traitement efficace pour les personnes atteintes de la maladie de Hansen (lèpre). Ses recherches l'ont amenée à créer le premier traitement injectable à base d'huile de chaulmoogra, un agent topique jusque-là modérément efficace, utilisé pour traiter la lèpre dans les médecines chinoise et indienne. La rigueur scientifique de Ball a permis de mettre au point une méthode très efficace pour soulager les symptômes de la lèpre, connue plus tard sous le nom de "Méthode de la boule", & # x201D; qui a été utilisé sur des milliers d'individus infectés pendant plus de 30 ans jusqu'à l'introduction de médicaments sulfonés. Malheureusement, Ball meurt le 31 décembre 1916 à l'âge de 24 ans des suites d'une complication résultant de l'inhalation de chlore gazeux dans un accident de laboratoire. Au cours de sa brève vie, elle n'a pas pu voir l'impact de sa découverte..

En outre, ce n’est que six ans après sa mort, en 1922, que Ball obtint le crédit qu’elle méritait. Jusque-là, le Dr Arthur Dean, président du College of Hawaii, avait pleinement reconnu le travail de Ball. Malheureusement, il était courant que les hommes s’appuient sur les découvertes des femmes et Ball en soit victime (découvrez trois autres femmes scientifiques dont les découvertes sont à mettre au crédit des hommes). Elle a également été pratiquement oubliée de l'histoire scientifique pendant plus de 80 ans. Puis, en 2000, l’Université d’Hawaï-Manoa a rendu hommage à Ball en plaçant une plaque de bronze devant un arbre chaulmoogra sur le campus et l’ancien lieutenant-gouverneur de Hawaï, Mazie Hirono, a déclaré le 29 février la Journée Alice Ball. & # X201D ; En 2007, l’Université d’Hawaï lui a décerné à titre posthume les Regents & # x2019; Médaille de distinction.

Mamie Phipps Clark (psychologue sociale)

Dr. Mamie Phipps Clark

(Photo: Arty Pomerantz_New York Post Archives _ (c) NYP Holdings, Inc. via Getty Images)

Mamie est née le 18 avril 1917 à Hot Spring, en Arkansas, de Harold H. Phipps, médecin, et de Katy Florence Phipps, une femme au foyer. Elle a reçu plusieurs bourses d'études et a choisi de fréquenter l'Université Howard en 1934 en tant que mineure en mathématiques, majeure en physique. Elle y a rencontré Kenneth Bancroft Clark, un maître'Étudiante en psychologie, qui est devenue plus tard son mari et qui l'a convaincue de poursuivre des études de psychologie en raison de son intérêt pour le développement de l'enfant. En 1938, Clark obtint sa licence avec mention très bien de l’Université Howard et poursuivit ensuite ses études de maîtrise en psychologie, puis son doctorat à l’Université de Columbia. En 1943, Clark devint la première femme noire à obtenir un doctorat en psychologie de Columbia.

Les recherches de Clark se sont concentrées sur la définition de la conscience raciale chez les jeunes enfants. Son maintenant tristement célèbre & # x201C; Test de poupées & # x201D; fourni des preuves scientifiques qui ont influencé Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Dans ce test, plus de 250 enfants noirs âgés de 3 à 7 ans, dont environ la moitié fréquentaient des écoles séparées dans le sud (Arkansas) et environ la moitié dans des écoles mixtes du nord-est (Massachusetts), ont été invités à indiquer leurs préférences en matière de poupées peau aux cheveux noirs ou peau blanche aux cheveux jaunes). Leurs conclusions du & # x201C; Test des poupées & # x201D; ont montré que la majorité des enfants noirs souhaitaient jouer avec la poupée blanche (67%) et ont indiqué que celle-ci était la "belle" & # x201D; poupée (59%), a indiqué que la poupée brune avait un look & # x201C; mauvais & # x201D; (59%) et a choisi la poupée blanche comme étant de belle couleur & # x201D; (60%). Les enfants noirs des écoles du Nord mixtes sur le plan culturel ont ressenti davantage d'inquiétude face aux injustices raciales révélées par cette expérience que ceux des écoles séparées du Sud qui se sentaient plus passifs face à leur statut inférieur. Clark et son équipe de recherche ont conclu que l'intégration raciale dans les écoles était idéale pour assurer un développement sain des enfants..

Clark a ensuite travaillé comme conseiller au Riverdale Home for Children de New York. En 1946, Clark inaugure à Harlem le Centre Northside pour le développement de l'enfant, qui est l'un des premiers organismes à fournir des services psychologiques complets et des programmes éducatifs aux enfants de couleur vivant dans la pauvreté. Clark a également travaillé avec le projet Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited, le programme national Head Start et de nombreuses autres institutions éducatives et philanthropiques. Clark est décédé d'un cancer à l'âge de 65 ans le 11 août 1983.

Joycelyn Elders, M.D. (ancien chirurgien général des États-Unis)

Dr. Joycelyn Elders

(Photo: KORT DUCE_AFP_Getty Images)

Minnie Lee Jones est née le 13 août 1933 à Schaal, dans l'Arkansas. Elle était la fille de métayers, Haller Reed et Curtis Jones et l'aîné de huit enfants. La famille vivait dans une cabine de trois pièces sans plomberie ni électricité. Bien que vivant dans la pauvreté et fréquentant des écoles ségrégées par la ségrégation raciale à des kilomètres de son domicile, Minnie a obtenu son diplôme en tant que pratiquante de sa classe. Elle a changé de nom et s'appelle désormais Minnie Joycelyn Lee à l'université. Elle a pour la plupart cessé d'utiliser le nom & Minnie; & # x201C; Minnie, & # x201D; qui s'appelait sa grand-mère. En 1952, Joycelyn reçut un B.S. en biologie du Philander Smith College de Little Rock, dans l'Arkansas, devenant la première de sa famille à fréquenter l'université. Elle a brièvement travaillé comme aide-infirmière dans un hôpital pour anciens combattants à Milwaukee, puis a rejoint les rangs de l’Armée américaine.'s Medical Specialist Corps en 1953. Joycelyn épousa Oliver Elders en 1960 alors qu’il fréquentait l’école de médecine de l’Université de l’Arkansas avec l’aide de G.I. Bill où elle a obtenu sa maîtrise en 1960 et sa maîtrise. en biochimie en 1967. En 1978, les aînés sont devenus la première personne de l’État de l’Arkansas à recevoir la certification de conseil en endocrinologie pédiatrique. Les anciens ont travaillé à l'Université de l'Arkansas en tant qu'assistant, professeur associé et professeur ordinaire de pédiatrie des années 1960 à 1987, avant de revenir plus tard en tant que professeur émérite..

En 1987, Bill Clinton, alors gouverneur, a nommé Elders Directeur du département de la santé de l'Arkansas, faisant d'elle la première femme afro-américaine à occuper ce poste. Durant son mandat, elle a réussi à réduire le nombre de grossesses précoces, à élargir la disponibilité des services liés au VIH et à travailler sans relâche pour promouvoir l’éducation sexuelle. En 1992, elle a été élue présidente de l’Association des responsables de la santé des États et des territoires. En 1993, Bill Clinton, alors président de la République, la nomma Surgeon General des États-Unis, faisant d'elle la première afro-américaine et la deuxième femme (après Antonia Novello) à occuper ce poste. Ses opinions controversées sur la santé sexuelle, y compris ses déclarations à la conférence sur la masturbation aux États-Unis, ont suscité une vive controverse et ont conduit à sa démission forcée en décembre 1994..

Les aînés ont raconté l'histoire de sa vie dans l'autobiographie, De métayer's Fille au chirurgien général des États-Unis d'Amérique (1997). Elle est actuellement professeur émérite de pédiatrie à l'Université de l'Arkansas pour les sciences médicales et participe à de nombreuses manifestations en public pour promouvoir la légalisation de la marijuana et l'amélioration de l'éducation sexuelle..

Femmes scientifiques noires en fête

Au-delà de ces femmes exceptionnellement fantastiques, il y en a beaucoup plus. Il y a Rebecca Lee Crumpler qui a été la première femme afro-américaine aux États-Unis à obtenir un doctorat en médecine en 1864. Il y a Marie Maynard Daly, qui est devenue la première femme afro-américaine à obtenir un doctorat en chimie aux États-Unis. en 1947. Il y's Patricia Bath, première Afro-Américaine à terminer sa résidence en ophtalmologie et première femme médecin afro-américaine à obtenir un brevet médical. Bien sûr, aucune liste ne serait complète sans l'astronaute Mae Jemison, qui est devenue la première femme afro-américaine dans l'espace en 1992. Enfin, la biologiste moléculaire Mary Styles Harris mérite d'être reconnue, car elle a sensibilisé davantage aux problèmes médicaux, y compris la faucille. -Anémie cellulaire et cancer du sein. Ces femmes et tant d’autres ont et continueront d’obtenir une place de choix dans l’histoire pour leurs contributions à la science.. 

Mots clés
termes:
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Par Meredith Worthen

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[img]https://www.plumbingsupplyandmore.com/media/line-sets/hands-inspecting-line-set-cover-line-set.jpg[/img] Mini Split Units and Modern Line Set Solutions The increase of mini split pipe set installations have changed home plus business air control, but it has too created new problems among installers. Whether you are working with some small split copper line set and considering small system flexible pipe set choices, knowing these details of each arrangement remains essential. The variety of line-set sizes is not accidental – all dimension provides certain applications and efficiency needs which straight impact unit efficiency. Plumber Supplies & Beyond stocks a wider variety for small system items versus rivals like Continental supply house, ensuring you'll locate just what the work demands. 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Finding Your Right Supply House Near You Distance Approaches and Provider Options <div style="position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%; margin: 20px auto;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4NfbRaq5KUI" title="YouTube video player" style="position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; border: none;" allowfullscreen></iframe></div> When you're searching seeking the nearest plumber supplier center and nearby plumber supply center, distance helps, yet this shouldn't be your only factor. Your nearest heating supply house might save one commute hours, but when they don't stock those exact mueller line sets and heat system line set configurations you want, you'll waste extra hours making many runs. Plumbing Supplier And More's strategic facilities beat scattered providers such as Southern supplier house by maintaining full inventories that avoid the requirement of special requests. This today's contractors partnership to their supply center company extends far past simple transactions. One need some partner who knows project timelines, maintains regular stock amounts, plus gives competitive pricing structures. Whether you are looking for watering supplier center items for a landscaping project and special flame sprinkler supplier house items for commercial installations, getting one sole source that will address varied demands simplifies processes greatly. Supplier house ratings regularly prove how companies value reliability and experience above simple proximity, that remains how Plumbing Supplier & Beyond earns better reviews than alternatives like CEDs supplier house across several review platforms. Specialized Supply Segments & Niche Areas The growth of supplier house offerings reflects the growing complicated character in current contracting plus repair projects. 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The relationship among a contractor plus their parts supply center should contain expertise exchange that improves skill abilities over time. Often Asked Questions Question: What is this difference among some standard copper pipe kit and some pre-charged line set? A: Standard metal line set setups need onsite charging using coolant following mounting, demanding specialized tools plus EPA license in handling refrigerants. By contrast, previously loaded line kit options come pre-filled having the proper coolant amount, simplifying installation and lowering the possibility of wrong filling. Though pre-charged options like this mr cool previously charged line kit 50 feet price greater first, they frequently reduce money for installation plus eliminate frequent charging mistakes. Plumbing Supply And Beyond offers both choices with superior expert assistance versus typical providers, guiding you choose this most suitable option in your specific need. 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Make this smart choice and experience this distinction which comes from working alongside field champions that value the achievement above all other. Browse www supply-house .com or contact your local branch to learn how this right supplier alliance may change your company operations and job success.
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    24.08.25 20:56
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