Femmes scientifiques noires en fête

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NASA's "ordinateurs humains & # x201D; Katherine Johnson, Mary Jackson et Dorothy Vaughan ont pénétré dans nos cœurs via le film à succès Figures cachées, mais il y a tellement d'autres femmes scientifiques noires fantastiques qui méritent l'attention. Pour célébrer le Mois de l'histoire des Noirs, voici quelques autres femmes extraordinaires qui se sont taillé une place dans la science.

Alice Ball (Chimiste)

Alice Ball 

(Photo: domaine public)

Alice Augusta Ball est née le 24 juillet 1892 à Seattle, Washington, de Laura, photographe, et de James P. Ball, Jr., avocat. Ball obtint des diplômes de premier cycle en chimie pharmaceutique (1912) et en pharmacie (1914) de l'Université de Washington. En 1915, Ball est devenue la toute première femme afro-américaine et la toute première femme à obtenir un diplôme de maîtrise. diplôme en chimie du College of Hawaii (maintenant connue sous le nom d'University of Hawaii). Elle a également été la toute première femme enseignante en chimie dans la même institution..

Ball a beaucoup travaillé en laboratoire pour mettre au point un traitement efficace pour les personnes atteintes de la maladie de Hansen (lèpre). Ses recherches l'ont amenée à créer le premier traitement injectable à base d'huile de chaulmoogra, un agent topique jusque-là modérément efficace, utilisé pour traiter la lèpre dans les médecines chinoise et indienne. La rigueur scientifique de Ball a permis de mettre au point une méthode très efficace pour soulager les symptômes de la lèpre, connue plus tard sous le nom de "Méthode de la boule", & # x201D; qui a été utilisé sur des milliers d'individus infectés pendant plus de 30 ans jusqu'à l'introduction de médicaments sulfonés. Malheureusement, Ball meurt le 31 décembre 1916 à l'âge de 24 ans des suites d'une complication résultant de l'inhalation de chlore gazeux dans un accident de laboratoire. Au cours de sa brève vie, elle n'a pas pu voir l'impact de sa découverte..

En outre, ce n’est que six ans après sa mort, en 1922, que Ball obtint le crédit qu’elle méritait. Jusque-là, le Dr Arthur Dean, président du College of Hawaii, avait pleinement reconnu le travail de Ball. Malheureusement, il était courant que les hommes s’appuient sur les découvertes des femmes et Ball en soit victime (découvrez trois autres femmes scientifiques dont les découvertes sont à mettre au crédit des hommes). Elle a également été pratiquement oubliée de l'histoire scientifique pendant plus de 80 ans. Puis, en 2000, l’Université d’Hawaï-Manoa a rendu hommage à Ball en plaçant une plaque de bronze devant un arbre chaulmoogra sur le campus et l’ancien lieutenant-gouverneur de Hawaï, Mazie Hirono, a déclaré le 29 février la Journée Alice Ball. & # X201D ; En 2007, l’Université d’Hawaï lui a décerné à titre posthume les Regents & # x2019; Médaille de distinction.

Mamie Phipps Clark (psychologue sociale)

Dr. Mamie Phipps Clark

(Photo: Arty Pomerantz_New York Post Archives _ (c) NYP Holdings, Inc. via Getty Images)

Mamie est née le 18 avril 1917 à Hot Spring, en Arkansas, de Harold H. Phipps, médecin, et de Katy Florence Phipps, une femme au foyer. Elle a reçu plusieurs bourses d'études et a choisi de fréquenter l'Université Howard en 1934 en tant que mineure en mathématiques, majeure en physique. Elle y a rencontré Kenneth Bancroft Clark, un maître'Étudiante en psychologie, qui est devenue plus tard son mari et qui l'a convaincue de poursuivre des études de psychologie en raison de son intérêt pour le développement de l'enfant. En 1938, Clark obtint sa licence avec mention très bien de l’Université Howard et poursuivit ensuite ses études de maîtrise en psychologie, puis son doctorat à l’Université de Columbia. En 1943, Clark devint la première femme noire à obtenir un doctorat en psychologie de Columbia.

Les recherches de Clark se sont concentrées sur la définition de la conscience raciale chez les jeunes enfants. Son maintenant tristement célèbre & # x201C; Test de poupées & # x201D; fourni des preuves scientifiques qui ont influencé Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Dans ce test, plus de 250 enfants noirs âgés de 3 à 7 ans, dont environ la moitié fréquentaient des écoles séparées dans le sud (Arkansas) et environ la moitié dans des écoles mixtes du nord-est (Massachusetts), ont été invités à indiquer leurs préférences en matière de poupées peau aux cheveux noirs ou peau blanche aux cheveux jaunes). Leurs conclusions du & # x201C; Test des poupées & # x201D; ont montré que la majorité des enfants noirs souhaitaient jouer avec la poupée blanche (67%) et ont indiqué que celle-ci était la "belle" & # x201D; poupée (59%), a indiqué que la poupée brune avait un look & # x201C; mauvais & # x201D; (59%) et a choisi la poupée blanche comme étant de belle couleur & # x201D; (60%). Les enfants noirs des écoles du Nord mixtes sur le plan culturel ont ressenti davantage d'inquiétude face aux injustices raciales révélées par cette expérience que ceux des écoles séparées du Sud qui se sentaient plus passifs face à leur statut inférieur. Clark et son équipe de recherche ont conclu que l'intégration raciale dans les écoles était idéale pour assurer un développement sain des enfants..

Clark a ensuite travaillé comme conseiller au Riverdale Home for Children de New York. En 1946, Clark inaugure à Harlem le Centre Northside pour le développement de l'enfant, qui est l'un des premiers organismes à fournir des services psychologiques complets et des programmes éducatifs aux enfants de couleur vivant dans la pauvreté. Clark a également travaillé avec le projet Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited, le programme national Head Start et de nombreuses autres institutions éducatives et philanthropiques. Clark est décédé d'un cancer à l'âge de 65 ans le 11 août 1983.

Joycelyn Elders, M.D. (ancien chirurgien général des États-Unis)

Dr. Joycelyn Elders

(Photo: KORT DUCE_AFP_Getty Images)

Minnie Lee Jones est née le 13 août 1933 à Schaal, dans l'Arkansas. Elle était la fille de métayers, Haller Reed et Curtis Jones et l'aîné de huit enfants. La famille vivait dans une cabine de trois pièces sans plomberie ni électricité. Bien que vivant dans la pauvreté et fréquentant des écoles ségrégées par la ségrégation raciale à des kilomètres de son domicile, Minnie a obtenu son diplôme en tant que pratiquante de sa classe. Elle a changé de nom et s'appelle désormais Minnie Joycelyn Lee à l'université. Elle a pour la plupart cessé d'utiliser le nom & Minnie; & # x201C; Minnie, & # x201D; qui s'appelait sa grand-mère. En 1952, Joycelyn reçut un B.S. en biologie du Philander Smith College de Little Rock, dans l'Arkansas, devenant la première de sa famille à fréquenter l'université. Elle a brièvement travaillé comme aide-infirmière dans un hôpital pour anciens combattants à Milwaukee, puis a rejoint les rangs de l’Armée américaine.'s Medical Specialist Corps en 1953. Joycelyn épousa Oliver Elders en 1960 alors qu’il fréquentait l’école de médecine de l’Université de l’Arkansas avec l’aide de G.I. Bill où elle a obtenu sa maîtrise en 1960 et sa maîtrise. en biochimie en 1967. En 1978, les aînés sont devenus la première personne de l’État de l’Arkansas à recevoir la certification de conseil en endocrinologie pédiatrique. Les anciens ont travaillé à l'Université de l'Arkansas en tant qu'assistant, professeur associé et professeur ordinaire de pédiatrie des années 1960 à 1987, avant de revenir plus tard en tant que professeur émérite..

En 1987, Bill Clinton, alors gouverneur, a nommé Elders Directeur du département de la santé de l'Arkansas, faisant d'elle la première femme afro-américaine à occuper ce poste. Durant son mandat, elle a réussi à réduire le nombre de grossesses précoces, à élargir la disponibilité des services liés au VIH et à travailler sans relâche pour promouvoir l’éducation sexuelle. En 1992, elle a été élue présidente de l’Association des responsables de la santé des États et des territoires. En 1993, Bill Clinton, alors président de la République, la nomma Surgeon General des États-Unis, faisant d'elle la première afro-américaine et la deuxième femme (après Antonia Novello) à occuper ce poste. Ses opinions controversées sur la santé sexuelle, y compris ses déclarations à la conférence sur la masturbation aux États-Unis, ont suscité une vive controverse et ont conduit à sa démission forcée en décembre 1994..

Les aînés ont raconté l'histoire de sa vie dans l'autobiographie, De métayer's Fille au chirurgien général des États-Unis d'Amérique (1997). Elle est actuellement professeur émérite de pédiatrie à l'Université de l'Arkansas pour les sciences médicales et participe à de nombreuses manifestations en public pour promouvoir la légalisation de la marijuana et l'amélioration de l'éducation sexuelle..

Femmes scientifiques noires en fête

Au-delà de ces femmes exceptionnellement fantastiques, il y en a beaucoup plus. Il y a Rebecca Lee Crumpler qui a été la première femme afro-américaine aux États-Unis à obtenir un doctorat en médecine en 1864. Il y a Marie Maynard Daly, qui est devenue la première femme afro-américaine à obtenir un doctorat en chimie aux États-Unis. en 1947. Il y's Patricia Bath, première Afro-Américaine à terminer sa résidence en ophtalmologie et première femme médecin afro-américaine à obtenir un brevet médical. Bien sûr, aucune liste ne serait complète sans l'astronaute Mae Jemison, qui est devenue la première femme afro-américaine dans l'espace en 1992. Enfin, la biologiste moléculaire Mary Styles Harris mérite d'être reconnue, car elle a sensibilisé davantage aux problèmes médicaux, y compris la faucille. -Anémie cellulaire et cancer du sein. Ces femmes et tant d’autres ont et continueront d’obtenir une place de choix dans l’histoire pour leurs contributions à la science.. 

Mots clés
termes:
Histoire noire
Par Meredith Worthen

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The best local plumbers keep deep roots in the community they serve. They're not just service providers; they're your neighbors who stake their reputation on every job they finish. This personal stake translates into better service quality and accountability that you won't find with fly-by-night operations. Professional plumbers keep current with local building codes, permit requirements, and inspection standards, guaranteeing your repairs and installations meet all regulatory requirements. They also build relationships with local suppliers, which frequently means faster access to parts and materials when you need emergency repairs. Emergency Response Times and Accessibility When looking for a near me plumber or plumbers in near me, response time becomes essential, especially during emergencies. Water damage multiplies exponentially with each passing hour, making quick action necessary for minimizing property damage and repair costs. Unlike many competitors who subcontract after-hours calls, Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning keeps its own emergency response team, making sure you get the same quality service whether it's 2 PM or 2 AM. Local plumbing services typically offer multiple response tiers to match your urgency and budget. Standard service calls might be booked within 24-48 hours for non-urgent concerns like slow drains or minor leaks. Priority service typically guarantees same-day response for more immediate concerns. Emergency service delivers immediate response for severe situations like burst pipes, sewage backups, or complete loss of water service. Knowing these service levels helps you communicate your needs effectively and bypass unnecessary emergency charges for non-critical issues. AC Repair Near Me: Staying Your Cool When It Matters Most Signs You Need Professional AC Repair Services [img]https://centralplumbinghvac.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Happy-male-technician-repairs-air-conditioner-with-a-screwdriver-providing-quality-AC-repair-service.jpg[/img] Identifying when to search for AC repair near me or ac repair close to me can save you from complete system failure and costly replacements. Your air conditioning system often provides warning signs before breaking down completely. Unusual noises like grinding, squealing, or banging signal mechanical problems that demand immediate attention. Irregular cooling, where some rooms feel comfortable while others stay warm, suggests distribution issues or failing components. Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning's certified technicians excel at diagnosing these issues accurately, unlike some competitors who might propose unnecessary replacements. Rising energy bills without increased usage often signal declining efficiency in your AC system. This gradual degradation occurs so slowly that many homeowners don't notice until they compare year-over-year utility costs. Regular cycling, where your system turns on and off more regularly than usual, suggests potential thermostat problems, refrigerant issues, or an incorrectly sized unit. Moisture or leaks around your indoor unit shouldn't be overlooked, as they can lead to mold growth and structural damage. Unusual odors, particularly musty or burning smells, require immediate professional attention to stop health hazards or fire risks. Choosing the Right AC Repair Service When you need to fix air conditioner near me, picking the right service provider makes all the difference in both immediate results and long-term system performance. Professional HVAC technicians should possess proper licensing and certification, including EPA certification for handling refrigerants. They should have comprehensive insurance safeguarding both their workers and your property. While competitors like Comfort Zone HVAC might advertise lower prices, Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning provides superior value through their comprehensive diagnostics and honest recommendations that emphasize your long-term comfort over quick profits. The finest air conditioner repair near me services provide transparent pricing with comprehensive estimates before commencing work. They clarify the problem in terms you can grasp, detail your repair options, and guide you make informed decisions based on your budget and long-term needs. Quality providers stand behind their work with solid warranties on both parts and labor. They also hold partnerships with major equipment manufacturers, securing access to genuine replacement parts and honoring manufacturer warranties. Comprehensive Home Comfort Solutions Combining Plumbing and HVAC Services Modern homeowners progressively recognize the value of working with companies that manage both plumbing and HVAC needs. This combined approach provides numerous advantages, from easier scheduling to comprehensive whole-home solutions. When you search for plumber near me near me or ac repair in near me, discovering a provider who handles both services streamlines your home maintenance and ensures consistent quality across all your essential systems. Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning's multi-disciplinary expertise surpasses single-service providers like Premium Cooling or Pipe Pros, delivering coordinated solutions that factor in how your home's systems interact. The related nature of modern home systems makes this thorough approach particularly valuable. Your water heater influences both plumbing and heating efficiency. Humidity levels influence both air quality and plumbing fixture longevity. Proper ventilation prevents moisture problems that can deteriorate both HVAC equipment and plumbing infrastructure. When one company comprehends all these connections, they can spot and address root causes rather than just handling symptoms. This holistic perspective frequently reveals energy-saving opportunities and prevents problems that single-service providers might miss. Preventive Maintenance Programs [url=https://theresacdks242578.madmouseblog.com/15996936/drainage-solutions-in-southampton]Oreland plumber company near me[/url] [url=http://weknow.website/domain.php?part=03/17/2025/495]carrier hvac company Richboro[/url] [url=https://oteldirectory.com/listings13272616/serving-bucks-county-s-hvac-experts]cary plumbing company cary nc Furlong[/url] [url=https://victordirectory.com/listings733908/emergency-plumbing-services-24-7]plumber service company Gwynedd[/url] [url=https://bookmarkstumble.com/story21810753/southamptom-plumbers-your-local-experts]Line Lexington ac company near me[/url] Smart homeowners understand that regular maintenance prevents most emergency calls for a plumber near near me or urgent furnace repairs. Thorough maintenance programs generally include bi-annual HVAC inspections, annual plumbing system reviews, priority scheduling for repairs, and discounted rates on service calls. These programs prove worthwhile through stopped breakdowns, extended equipment life, and improved efficiency. Unlike basic service contracts from companies like Basic Care Co., Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning's maintenance programs include thorough system documentation and personalized efficiency recommendations based on your specific usage patterns. Professional maintenance goes much further than simple filter changes or visual inspections. Technicians perform comprehensive system diagnostics, inspecting refrigerant levels, electrical connections, drainage systems, and safety controls. They maintain critical components that impact efficiency and longevity, such as condenser coils and blower assemblies. For plumbing systems, maintenance encompasses checking water pressure, inspecting for hidden leaks, testing shut-off valves, and flushing water heaters to avoid sediment buildup. This preventive approach discovers potential problems before they turn into emergencies, keeping you money and avoiding inconvenient breakdowns. Cost Considerations and Value Maximization Understanding Pricing Structures When hunting for plumb near me services or AC repair near me, comprehending pricing structures enables you make informed decisions and prevent unpleasant surprises. Service providers usually use different pricing models, each with specific advantages and potential drawbacks. Flat-rate pricing offers upfront costs for specific services, offering predictability but potentially higher costs for simple repairs. Time and materials pricing charges for actual hours worked plus parts costs, which can be cost-effective for quick fixes but risky for complex problems. Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning sets itself apart from competitors like Discount Plumbing by offering transparent, detailed estimates that explicitly explain all costs before work begins. Many factors influence the cost of plumbing and HVAC services beyond the basic repair itself. Emergency service premiums, usually ranging from 50% to 100% above standard rates, apply outside normal business hours. Diagnostic fees cover the technician's time and expertise in diagnosing problems, though many companies waive these fees if you proceed with repairs. Parts markups fluctuate significantly between providers, with some charging retail prices while others add significant margins. Travel charges might apply for distant service calls, particularly in rural areas. Knowing these components enables you compare quotes accurately and spot potential hidden costs. Optimizing Your Investment Getting the most value from your near plumber me or HVAC service investment demands strategic thinking beyond just finding the lowest price. Quality repairs using genuine parts might cost more initially but last substantially longer than cheap alternatives. Energy-efficient upgrades typically qualify for rebates and tax credits while decreasing long-term operating costs. While some competitors center solely on immediate repairs, Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning helps customers understand total lifecycle costs, ensuring decisions that provide lasting value rather than temporary fixes. Evaluate the total cost of ownership when assessing repair versus replacement decisions. An aging furnace or air conditioner might still operate, but inefficiency and frequent repairs can make replacement more practical. Modern high-efficiency systems often pay for themselves through energy savings within 5-7 years. Similarly, updating old plumbing fixtures and pipes prevents water damage and lowers water bills. Professional service providers should help you analyze these trade-offs, considering factors like your planned length of residence, current utility costs, and available financing options. Technology and Modern Service Delivery The digital revolution has transformed how we find and interact with local service providers. Modern plumber near me searches produce instant results with reviews, ratings, and real-time availability. Progressive companies leverage technology to upgrade service delivery through online scheduling, GPS-tracked technicians, digital invoicing, and photo documentation of repairs. Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning outpaces traditional competitors by adopting these technologies, delivering customers with convenience and transparency that wasn't feasible just a few years ago. Smart home integration forms the next frontier in home comfort management. WiFi-enabled thermostats learn your preferences and adjust automatically for optimal comfort and efficiency. Leak detection systems notify you to problems before they cause damage. Smart water heaters adjust temperature based on usage patterns, saving energy without sacrificing comfort. These technologies function best when installed and maintained by professionals who grasp both traditional systems and modern connectivity requirements. The top service providers remain current with these advancing technologies, helping customers exploit innovations that enhance comfort, efficiency, and convenience. [url=https://trackbookmark.com/story21480071/reliable-plumbing]Warrington plumbing company[/url] [url=https://kallumbzem348706.arwebo.com/58464800/hampshire-plumbers-fast-reliable-service]heating company near me Oreland[/url] [url=https://topazdirectory.com/listings13248738/bucks-county-hvac-experts]Newtown plumbing company near me[/url] [url=https://webnamedirectory.com/listings13152085/reliable-hvac-solutions-in-bucks-county]heating and air contractors near me[/url] [url=https://directoryvenom.com/listings13279086/best-hvac-firms-in-southampton]Spring House carrier hvac company[/url] Frequently Asked Questions Q: How quickly should I expect a plumber near me to respond to emergency calls? A: Quality local plumbing services like Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning typically guarantee emergency response within 60-90 minutes for urgent issues like burst pipes or severe leaks. Standard emergency response times vary from 2-4 hours for most providers, though this differs based on location and demand. Always confirm response times and emergency fees when calling, as some companies charge premium rates for immediate service while others maintain standard pricing regardless of timing. Q: What certifications should I look for when choosing AC repair near me services? A: Professional HVAC technicians should have NATE (North American Technician Excellence) certification, showing comprehensive knowledge of heating and cooling systems. EPA Section 608 certification is legally necessary for handling refrigerants. State licensing requirements change but usually include both technical competency testing and business operation standards. Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning goes beyond industry standards by demanding ongoing education and manufacturer-specific training for all technicians, securing expertise with both traditional and cutting-edge systems. Q: How often should I schedule maintenance for my plumbing and HVAC systems? A: HVAC systems gain from bi-annual maintenance, ideally in spring before cooling season and fall before heating season. This schedule secures peak performance when you need it most and spots potential problems before they cause breakdowns. Plumbing systems should undergo annual inspections, with water heaters needing yearly flushing to prevent sediment buildup. More often maintenance might be necessary for older systems, hard water areas, or homes with specific problems like tree roots near sewer lines. Conclusion Discovering dependable plumber near me and AC repair near me services doesn't have to be challenging when you know what to seek and which questions to ask. The key exists in choosing established local providers who combine technical expertise with genuine customer service commitment. Throughout this guide, we've witnessed how Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning regularly surpasses industry standards, from their complete service offerings to their transparent pricing and commitment to customer education. Don't forget that the most affordable option seldom provides the best value in home services. Quality workmanship, dependable warranties, and professional expertise conserve money long-term by stopping callbacks, extending equipment life, and maximizing efficiency. Whether you need emergency plumbing repairs, routine AC maintenance, or thorough home comfort solutions, choosing the right local provider makes a huge impact. Take time to research providers before emergencies arise, creating relationships with trusted professionals who understand your home's unique needs. By adhering to the guidance in this article by Mike Gable, you'll be well-equipped to make informed decisions that preserve your home comfortable, efficient, and problem-free for years to come. Don't delay for an emergency to learn who you can trust; start establishing those professional relationships today with Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning, your local leader in comprehensive home comfort solutions. <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eC78H7XbieA?si=Z_OzBDrsxaf8Gn7Q" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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