Comment Louis Armstrong a révolutionné la musique américaine

  • Mark Lindsey
  • 1970
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Louis Armstrong, 1953. (Photo: photographe de l'équipe World-Telegram [domaine public], via Wikimedia Commons)

On se souvient de Louis Armstrong, sans doute le musicien de jazz le plus célèbre de tous les temps, non seulement pour ses centaines d'enregistrements, mais aussi pour son caractère adorable et humoristique apparu dans un large éventail de films et d'émissions de télévision hollywoodiens. De nombreux auditeurs l'identifient avec la ballade réconfortante "What A Wonderful World" & # x201D; ou la joyeuse & # x201C; Bonjour Dolly. & # x201D; Mais dans l'histoire de la musique américaine et de la musique du monde, il était beaucoup, plus plus.

Louis Armstrong, né le 4 août 1901, est devenu une force musicale majeure et un innovateur en tant que trompettiste, chanteur et artiste de spectacle. Bien qu'il ne soit pas le premier musicien de jazz, il modifia définitivement la musique au début de son développement. Quand on considère ses débuts difficiles, le simple fait qu'il ait vécu jusqu'à l'âge adulte pourrait être considéré comme ayant battu tous les obstacles.

Armstrong est né dans la région la plus pauvre de la Nouvelle-Orléans. Sa mère l'a élevé de son mieux après que son père eut abandonné la famille, alors qu'Armstrong était un bébé. Dans sa jeunesse, il a souvent chanté dans les rues d'un groupe vocal pour quelques centimes. Il aimait entendre les nombreuses fanfares qui peuplaient la ville et se passionnait chaque fois qu'un défilé se déroulait à proximité. Louis a fait des petits boulots pour une famille juive locale qui l'aimait et lui a acheté son premier cornet quand il avait dix ans. Sur le nouvel an's À la veille de 1912, Armstrong tira un pistolet en l'air pour fêter ça. Il a été immédiatement arrêté et, lorsque le tribunal a décidé que sa mère ne pouvait pas l'élever correctement, il avait été envoyé dans un foyer pour orphelins de Waif. La vie avait l'air sombre pour le jeune garçon mais la musique s'avéra être son salut.

Originaire de la Nouvelle-Orléans, Louis Armstrong a déménagé à New York en 1924, où il a joué dans des clubs et à Broadway, contribuant à diffuser le son du jazz à un public plus large. (Photo du musée de la ville de New York / Getty Images)

L’atmosphère disciplinée et la maison de Waif inspirèrent le jeune Louis Armstrong à travailler dur pour maîtriser le cornet. Quand il a été libéré deux ans plus tard, il était considéré comme un musicien prometteur. Le cornéaltiste idolâtre Armstrong, Joe & # x201C; King & # x201D; Oliver, l'un des New Orleans & # x2019; meilleurs musiciens qui sont devenus une figure paternelle pour l'adolescent. Quand Oliver déménagea dans le Nord en 1918, il recommanda au jeune garçon de faire sa place avec le tromboniste Kid Ory's bande pacesetting. Armstrong s’est amélioré rapidement, apprenant à lire la musique tout en jouant sur des bateaux avec le groupe de Fate Marable. En 1922, lorsque King Oliver décida d'ajouter un second cornetiste à son groupe de jazz créole basé aux Lincoln Gardens à Chicago, il fit venir son protégé..

À ce moment-là, Louis Armstrong avait un son magnifique, une large gamme et un style excitant sur le cornet. Au début de la Nouvelle-Orléans, le jazz était principalement une musique d’ensemble. Le Creole Jazz Band de King Oliver a mis en vedette les quatre cors jouant presque tout le temps, les exploits individuels étant en grande partie limités à de brèves pauses de deux ou quatre mesures et à de très rares solos à un chœur. Parce qu’Oliver était le cornetiste principal et s’occupait de la mélodie, Armstrong jouait principalement des harmonies dans des ensembles, renforçant ainsi le pouvoir du groupe tout en s’efforçant de ne pas surpasser son chef. Cependant, il devint rapidement évident pour les autres musiciens, y compris le pianiste Lil Harden (qui deviendrait bientôt la seconde épouse de Armstrong), qu’il ne serait pas le deuxième cornetiste pour qui que ce soit longtemps..

Portrait d’Armstrong en 1945, souriant, tenant un cornet contre sa poitrine. Il porte une veste et un nœud papillon. (Photo de Hulton Archive / Getty Images)

Photo: Archives Hulton / Getty Images

En 1924, Lil Armstrong persuada son nouveau mari d'accepter une offre d'aller à New York et de rejoindre le Fletcher Henderson Orchestra. Henderson avait le meilleur groupe noir de l’époque bien que son orchestre, bien que doté de bons musiciens et d’excellents lecteurs de la vue, n’ait pas encore appris à balancer. C'est là que Louis Armstrong a commencé à changer d'orientation du jazz.

À cette époque, la plupart des solistes de jazz ne faisaient que de brèves déclarations, soulignant les phrases de staccato, restant proches de la mélodie et ponctuant souvent leurs solos de phrases doubles répétitives et pleines d'effets. Lors de la première répétition d'Armstrong avec Henderson, les autres musiciens ont tout d'abord méprisé le nouveau venu en raison de ses vêtements démodés et de son style rural. Mais leurs opinions ont changé dès que Louis a joué ses premières notes. En tant que cornetiste (il basculera définitivement dans la trompette en 1926), Armstrong utilise le legato plutôt que le phrasé en staccato. Il a fait en sorte que chaque note compte, utilise l’espace de façon spectaculaire, a construit ses solos jusqu’à un point culminant et a raconté une histoire & # x201D; dans son jeu. De plus, il insufflait une sensation de blues dans chaque chanson, son style expressif était semblable à celui d'une voix et son ton était si beau qu'il aidait à définir le son de la trompette elle-même..

C’est en grande partie à cause de la puissance de Louis Armstrong que le jazz a changé pour devenir une musique qui met l’accent sur des solistes brillants et aventureux. Au cours de son année avec Henderson, Armstrong est devenu une influence majeure non seulement sur les autres cuivres, mais également sur les musiciens de tous les instruments. Ses solos échangistes étaient imités par d'autres et, lorsqu'il revint à Chicago à la fin de 1925, le jazz avait pris dix ans d'avance sur ce qu'il était en 1923. Peu après, de nombreux trompettistes sonnèrent comme des proches d'Armstrong. Vingt ans plus tard, à l’époque du bebop, les trompettistes de jazz, inspirés par Dizzy Gillespie et Miles Davis, sont allés au-delà d’Armstrong pour chercher d’autres modèles musicaux..

Louis Armstrong se tient sur la colline du Capitole avec son épouse Lucille. (Getty Images)

Photo: Getty Images

Au cours des années 1925-1928, les enregistrements de Louis Armstrong avec ses petits groupes (Hot Five, Hot Seven et Savoy Ballroom Five) ont révolutionné le jazz avec l’une de ses plus brillantes percussions. Armstrong a également présenté Armstrong en tant que chanteur. Avant Louis, la plupart des chanteurs enregistrés étaient choisis en raison de leur volume et de leur capacité à articuler clairement les paroles, chantant de manière très droite et carrée. En revanche, le ton graveleux d’Armstrong était distinctif dès le début et il exprimait comme un de ses solos de cor. "Heebies Jeebies", de 1926, sans être le tout premier enregistrement de scat-chaning (qui utilise des syllabes sans signification au lieu de mots), ont grandement popularisé le scatting. Selon la légende, après avoir chanté un refrain de paroles au cours de la session d’enregistrement, Armstrong a abandonné la musique et a dû composer des sons car il n’avait pas mémorisé les mots, inventant ainsi le chant dispersé. C’est une belle histoire, mais la finesse du chant d’Armstrong tout au long du disque (il n’ya jamais de panique) laisse penser que l’incident qui s’est produit est survenu dans une version antérieure de la chanson et il a été décidé de le garder au premier plan. routine. En tout état de cause, le premier disque de disque enregistré avait déjà eu lieu 15 ans plus tôt.

En plus de populariser le scatting, le son de la voix de Louis Armstrong, détendu, qui, tout comme son jeu de trompette, utilisait parfaitement l’espace, fut une révélation pour d’autres chanteurs. Il a modifié les lignes mélodiques pour leur donner des rythmes plus accrocheurs, et a changé les paroles quand cela convenait à sa voix et à sa conception de la chanson. Bing Crosby (qui a introduit le phrasé jazz dans la musique pop), Billie Holiday, Cab Calloway et Ella Fitzgerald comptent parmi ceux qui ont été influencés par son phrasé tout en l'adaptant à leurs propres personnalités musicales..

Alors que ses enregistrements en petit groupe de 1925-1928 firent sensation auprès des instrumentistes et des chanteurs, modifiant le cours du jazz, ce fut dans un troisième domaine qu'Armstrong devint mondialement célèbre. En 1929, il a commencé à enregistrer régulièrement avec un big band et a été généralement entendu dans cette configuration jusqu'en 1947. Plutôt que de jouer principalement du jazz originel et des standards de la Nouvelle-Orléans, Armstrong a exploré des chansons populaires du Great American Songbook, modifiant les compositions de Gershwin, Porter, Berlin, Rodgers et d'autres dans le jazz à travers ses interprétations. 

En tant que star dominante de ses performances et de ses enregistrements, Armstrong était libre d'afficher davantage sa personnalité humoristique. Quand il s’agissait d’être un artiste de spectacle, Louis Armstrong (devenu universellement connu sous le nom de "Satchmo") était impossible à égaler. Il pouvait voler la vedette à qui que ce soit avec ses capacités comiques, sa personnalité adorable et son éclat musical. Il est devenu une star internationale, un nom bien connu qui a visité l’Europe à quelques reprises au cours des années 1930. Lorsqu'il a séparé son big band en 1947, il a formé un sextet appelé The Louis Armstrong All-Stars, ce qui lui a permis de devenir un voyageur du monde économiquement. Sa popularité ne cessa de croître au cours de ses 24 dernières années et Louis Armstrong devint célèbre comme ambassadeur de bonne volonté du jazz, même surnommé Ambassador Satch. Ses enregistrements se sont très bien vendus et ont remporté des succès tels que & # x201C; Blueberry Hill, & # x201D; & # x201C; Le couteau Mack & # x201D; et 1964 & # x2019; s & # x201C; Bonjour Dolly & # x201D; l'a gardé célèbre et occupé.

Le plus accessible des interprètes de jazz et une figure universellement aimée, Louis Armstrong a initié le jazz à un nombre incalculable d'auditeurs tout en symbolisant la musique pour des millions de personnes. Son importance pour le jazz, que ce soit à travers ses solos, son chant ou sa capacité à convaincre ses auditeurs, ne peut être mesurée. L’histoire du jazz, de la musique américaine et de la musique en général serait très différente s’il n’y avait pas eu un Louis Armstrong.

Par Scott Yanow

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And it does provide the mixing code to ensure all outputs are fresh and not linked to any of your previous deposits.Another trustworthy mixer is Bitcoin Laundry which supports two cryptocurrencies with Ethereum to be added soon. The mixing process is quite typical and similar to the processes on other tumblers. It is possible to set a time-delay option up to 72 hours and a sender has an opportunity to split the transaction, so the funds are sent to several addresses. Thus, sender’s funds are more secured and untraceable.</p><p> Pros: <ul><li>Extensive FAQ section </li><li>Uses stealth pools to anonymize transactions </li></ul></p> <h2 id=menu5>5. Coin Mixer - Fast payouts </h2><p>Coin Mixer has a Bitcoin reserve of its own, consider it a chain of Bitcoins, when you send your BTC to Blender.io it sends your coins to the end of the chain and sends you fresh, new, unlinked coins from the beginning of the chain. Hence there’s no link between the coins going in, and the coins coming out. Hence the public ledger would only be able to track the coins going from your wallet to the address of Blender.io but no further. Blender.io doesn’t require you to signup, register, or provide any kind of detail except the “receiving address”! That’s the only thing it needs, there can’t be a better form of anonymity if you ask me. Since you provide no personal details, there’s no way your identity can be compromised. Nor can it be linked back to you, since Coin Mixer doesn’t know who you are. Blender.io is one of the most accommodating tumblers in this sense as well, most other tumblers offer 3-4 sets of delays, Blender.io offers as many as 24, yes one for each hour. It also lets you add as many as 8 new addresses for each transaction (most other tumblers allow no more than 5 addresses).Coin Mixer currently only supports Bitcoin mixes, however, it has plans to bring in ETH mixes in the near future. It has been featured on Bitcoin.com/ News BTC/ Crypto News/ The Next Web etc. hence building a bit of trust. Very modern, advanced, user-controlled interface. Allows upto 5 output addresses. Obviously, doesn’t keep any logs whatsoever. The user-control is impressive. You get to control the fund-distribution, as well as the time-delay for each output address manually. Even the fee can be set manually. The cheapest allowed fee is 0.5% which is more than acceptable. The highest is set at 5%. Obviously the 0.25mBTC blockchain transaction fee is attached on top of the selected fee. It even has a “strength meter” which shows how strong your mix is, based on all the factors you’ve selected. No registration required whatsoever. And it does provide the mixing code to ensure all outputs are fresh and not linked to any of your previous deposits.Another trustworthy mixer is Coin Mixer which supports two cryptocurrencies with Ethereum to be added soon. The mixing process is quite typical and similar to the processes on other tumblers. It is possible to set a time-delay option up to 72 hours and a sender has an opportunity to split the transaction, so the funds are sent to several addresses. Thus, sender’s funds are more secured and untraceable.It is a simple service with a high level of anonymity. The Coin Mixer mixing process is very simple and only takes a couple of minutes. You need to select one of the three supported cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Litecoin, Bitcoin Cash), enter the withdrawal address, set the transaction delay for any time up to 72 hours, send the coins to the specified address and wait for their delivery to the destination. This site is unlike the other three mixing pools. You can mix user’s coins: with incoming coins of other customers, private reserves of the service and investor coins. The service does not require registration. The mixing commission is not large and is taken from the mining commission, which is very convenient. The referral program at SmartMixer is one of the most profitable, during the first mixing operation you receive a smart code that is required to receive a discount on the commission, this discount can reach – 70%. After each transaction, the user receives a letter of guarantee. All data about it is deleted after a day, while maintaining the complete anonymity of the client.</p><p> Pros: <ul><li>Zero-logs of your transactions </li><li>Provides user-controlled time delays </li></ul></p>
    EugeneBal ([email protected])
    10.05.25 02:22
    It wasn’t the most contentious meeting the Oval Office has ever seen. Nor was it the warmest. <a href=https://kra30at.ru>kra33 cc</a> Instead, the highly anticipated meeting Tuesday between President Donald Trump and his new Canadian counterpart Mark Carney fell somewhere in the middle: neither openly hostile nor outwardly chummy, evincing very little neighborliness, at least the type used on neighbors one likes. <a href=https://kra34-at.ru>kra33</a> The midday talks illustrated neatly the new dynamic between the once-friendly nations, whose 5,525-mile border — the world’s longest — once guaranteed a degree of cooperation but which, to Trump, represents something very different. <a href=https://kra31at.ru>kraken31</a> “Somebody drew that line many years ago with, like, a ruler, just a straight line right across the top of the country,” Trump said in the Oval Office as his meeting was getting underway. “When you look at that beautiful formation when it’s together – I’m a very artistic person, but when I looked at that, I said: ‘That’s the way it was meant to be.’” That is not how Carney believes it was meant to be. “I’m glad that you couldn’t tell what was going through my mind,” Carney told reporters later that day about the moment Trump made that remark. kra31 cc https://kra28cc.ru Still, Carney didn’t entirely hold his tongue. In a meeting dominated by Trump’s comments — he spoke 95% of the time on all manner of topics, from the Middle East to Barack Obama’s presidential library to the state of high-speed rail in California — it was the new prime minister’s pushback on the president’s ambition to make Canada the 51st US state that stood out. “As you know from real estate, there are some places that are never for sale,” he said, drawing a begrudging “that’s true” from Trump before Carney carried on. РєСЂР°30 https://kra32-at.ru
    10.05.25 00:39
    A? ship that US and Philippine forces planned to sink beat them to it. <a href=https://mgmarket-4-at.ru>mgmarket4 at</a> A former US World War II-era warship, which survived two of the Pacific War’s most important battles, was supposed to go down in a blaze of glory in a live-fire exercise off the western coast of the Philippines as part of annually held joint military drills. <a href=https://mg-12at.ru>mg11 at</a> Instead, before the bombs and missiles could fly, it slipped slowly beneath the South China Sea Monday morning, age and the ocean catching up to it before modern weaponry could decimate it. The ex-USS Brattleboro was to be the main target for the maritime strike (MARSTRIKE) portion of the annual US-Philippine “Balikatan” exercise, which began April 21 and runs to May 9. <a href=https://megaweb16at.ru>mgmarket1.at</a> “The vessel was selected because it exceeded its service life and was no longer suitable for normal operations,” according to a statement from the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Chinese coast guard offices display their national flag on a tiny sandbar in the disputed Sandy Cay in April, 2025. Related article China and Philippines unfurl competing flags on disputed South China Sea sandbars, reviving tensions A US Navy spokesperson told USNI News last month that the? 81-year-old ship was to be the target for US Marine Corps F/A-18 fighter jets during the exercise. A report from the official Philippine News Agency (PNA) said it was to be hit by US and Philippine forces with a combination of anti-ship missiles, bombs and automatic cannon fire. But as the 184-foot-long vessel was being towed to its station for the exercise, 35 miles west of Zambales province on the northern Philippine island of Luzon, it took on water, the Philippine military statement said. mgmarket4.at https://mg-12at.ru “Due to rough sea conditions that we are currently experiencing in the exercise box and with its long service life, as is expected, she took on a significant amount of water and eventually sank,” Philippine Navy spokesperson Capt. John Percie Alcos said, according to PNA. He said the vessel was not damaged while being towed. The ship sank quietly at 7:20 a.m. local time near the spot where it was to be obliterated later in the day, according to the Philippine military. Other elements of the MARSTRKE exercise would go on, the military statement said. The Philippine and US joint task forces “will rehearse virtual and constructive fire missions,” the statement said, without detailing what elements were still scheduled as part of the drill. “The combined force will still achieve its training objectives,” it added. mgmarket9.at https://megaweb16at.ru The Philippine military said there was no environmental danger from the sinking as the vessel had been cleaned before being towed out for the exercise.
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