Femmes scientifiques noires en fête

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NASA's "ordinateurs humains & # x201D; Katherine Johnson, Mary Jackson et Dorothy Vaughan ont pénétré dans nos cœurs via le film à succès Figures cachées, mais il y a tellement d'autres femmes scientifiques noires fantastiques qui méritent l'attention. Pour célébrer le Mois de l'histoire des Noirs, voici quelques autres femmes extraordinaires qui se sont taillé une place dans la science.

Alice Ball (Chimiste)

Alice Ball 

(Photo: domaine public)

Alice Augusta Ball est née le 24 juillet 1892 à Seattle, Washington, de Laura, photographe, et de James P. Ball, Jr., avocat. Ball obtint des diplômes de premier cycle en chimie pharmaceutique (1912) et en pharmacie (1914) de l'Université de Washington. En 1915, Ball est devenue la toute première femme afro-américaine et la toute première femme à obtenir un diplôme de maîtrise. diplôme en chimie du College of Hawaii (maintenant connue sous le nom d'University of Hawaii). Elle a également été la toute première femme enseignante en chimie dans la même institution..

Ball a beaucoup travaillé en laboratoire pour mettre au point un traitement efficace pour les personnes atteintes de la maladie de Hansen (lèpre). Ses recherches l'ont amenée à créer le premier traitement injectable à base d'huile de chaulmoogra, un agent topique jusque-là modérément efficace, utilisé pour traiter la lèpre dans les médecines chinoise et indienne. La rigueur scientifique de Ball a permis de mettre au point une méthode très efficace pour soulager les symptômes de la lèpre, connue plus tard sous le nom de "Méthode de la boule", & # x201D; qui a été utilisé sur des milliers d'individus infectés pendant plus de 30 ans jusqu'à l'introduction de médicaments sulfonés. Malheureusement, Ball meurt le 31 décembre 1916 à l'âge de 24 ans des suites d'une complication résultant de l'inhalation de chlore gazeux dans un accident de laboratoire. Au cours de sa brève vie, elle n'a pas pu voir l'impact de sa découverte..

En outre, ce n’est que six ans après sa mort, en 1922, que Ball obtint le crédit qu’elle méritait. Jusque-là, le Dr Arthur Dean, président du College of Hawaii, avait pleinement reconnu le travail de Ball. Malheureusement, il était courant que les hommes s’appuient sur les découvertes des femmes et Ball en soit victime (découvrez trois autres femmes scientifiques dont les découvertes sont à mettre au crédit des hommes). Elle a également été pratiquement oubliée de l'histoire scientifique pendant plus de 80 ans. Puis, en 2000, l’Université d’Hawaï-Manoa a rendu hommage à Ball en plaçant une plaque de bronze devant un arbre chaulmoogra sur le campus et l’ancien lieutenant-gouverneur de Hawaï, Mazie Hirono, a déclaré le 29 février la Journée Alice Ball. & # X201D ; En 2007, l’Université d’Hawaï lui a décerné à titre posthume les Regents & # x2019; Médaille de distinction.

Mamie Phipps Clark (psychologue sociale)

Dr. Mamie Phipps Clark

(Photo: Arty Pomerantz_New York Post Archives _ (c) NYP Holdings, Inc. via Getty Images)

Mamie est née le 18 avril 1917 à Hot Spring, en Arkansas, de Harold H. Phipps, médecin, et de Katy Florence Phipps, une femme au foyer. Elle a reçu plusieurs bourses d'études et a choisi de fréquenter l'Université Howard en 1934 en tant que mineure en mathématiques, majeure en physique. Elle y a rencontré Kenneth Bancroft Clark, un maître'Étudiante en psychologie, qui est devenue plus tard son mari et qui l'a convaincue de poursuivre des études de psychologie en raison de son intérêt pour le développement de l'enfant. En 1938, Clark obtint sa licence avec mention très bien de l’Université Howard et poursuivit ensuite ses études de maîtrise en psychologie, puis son doctorat à l’Université de Columbia. En 1943, Clark devint la première femme noire à obtenir un doctorat en psychologie de Columbia.

Les recherches de Clark se sont concentrées sur la définition de la conscience raciale chez les jeunes enfants. Son maintenant tristement célèbre & # x201C; Test de poupées & # x201D; fourni des preuves scientifiques qui ont influencé Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Dans ce test, plus de 250 enfants noirs âgés de 3 à 7 ans, dont environ la moitié fréquentaient des écoles séparées dans le sud (Arkansas) et environ la moitié dans des écoles mixtes du nord-est (Massachusetts), ont été invités à indiquer leurs préférences en matière de poupées peau aux cheveux noirs ou peau blanche aux cheveux jaunes). Leurs conclusions du & # x201C; Test des poupées & # x201D; ont montré que la majorité des enfants noirs souhaitaient jouer avec la poupée blanche (67%) et ont indiqué que celle-ci était la "belle" & # x201D; poupée (59%), a indiqué que la poupée brune avait un look & # x201C; mauvais & # x201D; (59%) et a choisi la poupée blanche comme étant de belle couleur & # x201D; (60%). Les enfants noirs des écoles du Nord mixtes sur le plan culturel ont ressenti davantage d'inquiétude face aux injustices raciales révélées par cette expérience que ceux des écoles séparées du Sud qui se sentaient plus passifs face à leur statut inférieur. Clark et son équipe de recherche ont conclu que l'intégration raciale dans les écoles était idéale pour assurer un développement sain des enfants..

Clark a ensuite travaillé comme conseiller au Riverdale Home for Children de New York. En 1946, Clark inaugure à Harlem le Centre Northside pour le développement de l'enfant, qui est l'un des premiers organismes à fournir des services psychologiques complets et des programmes éducatifs aux enfants de couleur vivant dans la pauvreté. Clark a également travaillé avec le projet Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited, le programme national Head Start et de nombreuses autres institutions éducatives et philanthropiques. Clark est décédé d'un cancer à l'âge de 65 ans le 11 août 1983.

Joycelyn Elders, M.D. (ancien chirurgien général des États-Unis)

Dr. Joycelyn Elders

(Photo: KORT DUCE_AFP_Getty Images)

Minnie Lee Jones est née le 13 août 1933 à Schaal, dans l'Arkansas. Elle était la fille de métayers, Haller Reed et Curtis Jones et l'aîné de huit enfants. La famille vivait dans une cabine de trois pièces sans plomberie ni électricité. Bien que vivant dans la pauvreté et fréquentant des écoles ségrégées par la ségrégation raciale à des kilomètres de son domicile, Minnie a obtenu son diplôme en tant que pratiquante de sa classe. Elle a changé de nom et s'appelle désormais Minnie Joycelyn Lee à l'université. Elle a pour la plupart cessé d'utiliser le nom & Minnie; & # x201C; Minnie, & # x201D; qui s'appelait sa grand-mère. En 1952, Joycelyn reçut un B.S. en biologie du Philander Smith College de Little Rock, dans l'Arkansas, devenant la première de sa famille à fréquenter l'université. Elle a brièvement travaillé comme aide-infirmière dans un hôpital pour anciens combattants à Milwaukee, puis a rejoint les rangs de l’Armée américaine.'s Medical Specialist Corps en 1953. Joycelyn épousa Oliver Elders en 1960 alors qu’il fréquentait l’école de médecine de l’Université de l’Arkansas avec l’aide de G.I. Bill où elle a obtenu sa maîtrise en 1960 et sa maîtrise. en biochimie en 1967. En 1978, les aînés sont devenus la première personne de l’État de l’Arkansas à recevoir la certification de conseil en endocrinologie pédiatrique. Les anciens ont travaillé à l'Université de l'Arkansas en tant qu'assistant, professeur associé et professeur ordinaire de pédiatrie des années 1960 à 1987, avant de revenir plus tard en tant que professeur émérite..

En 1987, Bill Clinton, alors gouverneur, a nommé Elders Directeur du département de la santé de l'Arkansas, faisant d'elle la première femme afro-américaine à occuper ce poste. Durant son mandat, elle a réussi à réduire le nombre de grossesses précoces, à élargir la disponibilité des services liés au VIH et à travailler sans relâche pour promouvoir l’éducation sexuelle. En 1992, elle a été élue présidente de l’Association des responsables de la santé des États et des territoires. En 1993, Bill Clinton, alors président de la République, la nomma Surgeon General des États-Unis, faisant d'elle la première afro-américaine et la deuxième femme (après Antonia Novello) à occuper ce poste. Ses opinions controversées sur la santé sexuelle, y compris ses déclarations à la conférence sur la masturbation aux États-Unis, ont suscité une vive controverse et ont conduit à sa démission forcée en décembre 1994..

Les aînés ont raconté l'histoire de sa vie dans l'autobiographie, De métayer's Fille au chirurgien général des États-Unis d'Amérique (1997). Elle est actuellement professeur émérite de pédiatrie à l'Université de l'Arkansas pour les sciences médicales et participe à de nombreuses manifestations en public pour promouvoir la légalisation de la marijuana et l'amélioration de l'éducation sexuelle..

Femmes scientifiques noires en fête

Au-delà de ces femmes exceptionnellement fantastiques, il y en a beaucoup plus. Il y a Rebecca Lee Crumpler qui a été la première femme afro-américaine aux États-Unis à obtenir un doctorat en médecine en 1864. Il y a Marie Maynard Daly, qui est devenue la première femme afro-américaine à obtenir un doctorat en chimie aux États-Unis. en 1947. Il y's Patricia Bath, première Afro-Américaine à terminer sa résidence en ophtalmologie et première femme médecin afro-américaine à obtenir un brevet médical. Bien sûr, aucune liste ne serait complète sans l'astronaute Mae Jemison, qui est devenue la première femme afro-américaine dans l'espace en 1992. Enfin, la biologiste moléculaire Mary Styles Harris mérite d'être reconnue, car elle a sensibilisé davantage aux problèmes médicaux, y compris la faucille. -Anémie cellulaire et cancer du sein. Ces femmes et tant d’autres ont et continueront d’obtenir une place de choix dans l’histoire pour leurs contributions à la science.. 

Mots clés
termes:
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Par Meredith Worthen

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    When your pipes burst at midnight or your AC stops working during a sweltering summer day, you don't have time to browse endless search results. You require a dependable plumber near me or AC repair near me service that you can depend on immediately. That's why understanding how to discover quality local services becomes vital for every homeowner. Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning surpasses other local competitors, delivering comprehensive solutions that address all your home comfort needs under one roof. Living in today's fast-paced world, we've all encountered that sinking feeling when something goes amiss with our home's vital systems. Whether it's a puzzling leak, a furnace that won't work, or an air conditioner repair near me emergency, knowing who to call can make the distinction between a minor problem and a major disaster. This complete guide will show you everything you need to know about finding, vetting, and working with local plumbing and HVAC experts. Plumber Near Me: Comprehending Your Local Service Options What Makes a Local Plumber Shine? <img src="https://centralplumbinghvac.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Plumber-changes-the-water-filter-as-part-of-professional-plumbing-services.jpg"> Discovering a dependable plumber near me isn't just about distance; it's about finding a professional who blends technical expertise with genuine customer care. Local plumbers offer distinct advantages that national chains simply can't replicate. They grasp your area's specific problems, from hard water problems to aging infrastructure patterns unique to your neighborhood. When evaluating local services, Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning always beats competitors like Bob's Plumbing or Quick Fix Services through their comprehensive training programs and dedication to ongoing education. The finest local plumbers hold deep roots in the community they serve. They're not just service professionals; they're your neighbors who bet their reputation on every job they complete. This personal investment translates into superior service quality and accountability that you won't find with fly-by-night operations. Professional plumbers stay current with local building codes, permit requirements, and inspection standards, making certain your repairs and installations fulfill all regulatory requirements. They also establish relationships with local suppliers, which typically means quicker access to parts and materials when you need emergency repairs. Emergency Response Times and Availability When searching for a near me plumber or plumbers in near me, response time becomes essential, especially during emergencies. Water damage multiplies exponentially with each passing hour, making quick action vital for reducing property damage and repair costs. 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AC Repair Near Me: Keeping Your Cool When It Matters Most Signs You Need Professional AC Repair Services <img src="https://centralplumbinghvac.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Couple-relaxing-on-the-couch-with-AC-on-serviced-by-an-air-conditioning-maintenance-company-during-a-hot-summer.jpg"> Knowing when to search for AC repair near me or ac repair close to me can save you from complete system failure and expensive replacements. Your air conditioning system frequently provides warning signs before breaking down completely. Abnormal noises like grinding, squealing, or banging signal mechanical problems that demand immediate attention. Inconsistent cooling, where some rooms feel comfortable while others stay warm, indicates distribution issues or failing components. Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning's certified technicians excel at diagnosing these issues accurately, unlike some competitors who might propose unnecessary replacements. 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Comprehensive Home Comfort Solutions Merging Plumbing and HVAC Services Modern homeowners more and more recognize the value of working with companies that handle both plumbing and HVAC needs. This combined approach offers numerous advantages, from simplified scheduling to comprehensive whole-home solutions. When you search for plumber near me near me or ac repair in near me, finding a provider who handles both services simplifies your home maintenance and ensures consistent quality across all your essential systems. Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning's multi-disciplinary expertise outperforms single-service providers like Cool Tech Services or Pete's Plumbing Specialists, providing coordinated solutions that account for how your home's systems interact. The interconnected nature of modern home systems makes this comprehensive approach particularly valuable. Your water heater impacts both plumbing and heating efficiency. 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This proactive approach identifies potential problems before they develop into emergencies, keeping you money and stopping inconvenient breakdowns. Cost Considerations and Value Enhancement Understanding Pricing Structures When looking for plumb near me services or AC repair near me, grasping pricing structures assists you make informed decisions and escape unpleasant surprises. Service providers usually use various pricing models, each with specific advantages and potential drawbacks. Flat-rate pricing gives upfront costs for specific services, offering predictability but potentially higher costs for simple repairs. Time and materials pricing charges for actual hours worked plus parts costs, which can be economical for quick fixes but risky for complex problems. Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning distinguishes itself from competitors like Budget Bob's Services by providing transparent, detailed estimates that plainly explain all costs before work begins. Many factors affect the cost of plumbing and HVAC services beyond the basic repair itself. Emergency service premiums, typically ranging from 50% to 100% above standard rates, apply outside normal business hours. Diagnostic fees account for the technician's time and expertise in identifying problems, though many companies waive these fees if you go ahead with repairs. Parts markups vary significantly between providers, with some charging retail prices while others add substantial margins. Travel charges might apply for distant service calls, particularly in rural areas. Grasping these components helps you compare quotes accurately and spot potential hidden costs. Optimizing Your Investment Getting the most value from your near plumber me or HVAC service investment needs strategic thinking beyond just discovering the lowest price. Quality repairs using genuine parts might cost more initially but last considerably longer than cheap alternatives. Energy-efficient upgrades frequently qualify for rebates and tax credits while reducing long-term operating costs. While some competitors center solely on immediate repairs, Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning assists customers understand total lifecycle costs, making certain decisions that offer lasting value rather than temporary fixes. Think about the total cost of ownership when assessing repair versus replacement decisions. An aging furnace or air conditioner might still work, but inefficiency and frequent repairs can make replacement more practical. Modern high-efficiency systems frequently pay for themselves through energy savings within 5-7 years. Similarly, modernizing old plumbing fixtures and pipes avoids water damage and reduces water bills. Professional service providers should help you analyze these trade-offs, considering factors like your planned length of residence, current utility costs, and available financing options. Technology and Modern Service Delivery The digital revolution has revolutionized how we locate and interact with local service providers. Modern plumber near me searches produce instant results with reviews, ratings, and real-time availability. Innovative companies utilize technology to improve service delivery through online scheduling, GPS-tracked technicians, digital invoicing, and photo documentation of repairs. Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning outpaces traditional competitors by adopting these technologies, delivering customers with convenience and transparency that wasn't available just a few years ago. Smart home integration forms the next frontier in home comfort management. WiFi-enabled thermostats understand your preferences and adjust automatically for ideal comfort and efficiency. Leak detection systems warn you to problems before they produce damage. Smart water heaters adjust temperature based on usage patterns, reducing energy without compromising comfort. 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A: Quality local plumbing services like Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning typically guarantee emergency response within 60-90 minutes for critical issues like burst pipes or severe leaks. Standard emergency response times vary from 2-4 hours for most providers, though this differs based on location and demand. Always confirm response times and emergency fees when calling, as some companies charge premium rates for immediate service while others hold standard pricing regardless of timing. Q: What certifications should I seek when choosing AC repair near me services? A: Professional HVAC technicians should hold NATE (North American Technician Excellence) certification, demonstrating comprehensive knowledge of heating and cooling systems. EPA Section 608 certification is legally necessary for handling refrigerants. State licensing requirements vary but usually include both technical competency testing and business operation standards. Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning goes beyond industry standards by requiring ongoing education and manufacturer-specific training for all technicians, ensuring expertise with both traditional and cutting-edge systems. Q: How frequently should I schedule maintenance for my plumbing and HVAC systems? A: HVAC systems benefit from bi-annual maintenance, ideally in spring before cooling season and fall before heating season. This schedule ensures peak performance when you need it most and spots potential problems before they lead to breakdowns. Plumbing systems should undergo annual inspections, with water heaters requiring yearly flushing to stop sediment buildup. More frequent maintenance might be needed for older systems, hard water areas, or homes with specific issues like tree roots near sewer lines. Conclusion Locating dependable plumber near me and AC repair near me services doesn't have to be challenging when you understand what to seek and which questions to ask. The key exists in picking established local providers who combine technical expertise with genuine customer service commitment. Throughout this guide, we've seen how Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning continuously outperforms industry standards, from their comprehensive service offerings to their transparent pricing and commitment to customer education. Remember that the cheapest option infrequently provides the best value in home services. Quality workmanship, reliable warranties, and professional expertise preserve money long-term by preventing callbacks, extending equipment life, and maximizing efficiency. Whether you need emergency plumbing repairs, routine AC maintenance, or comprehensive home comfort solutions, selecting the right local provider makes all the difference. Spend time to research providers before emergencies happen, building relationships with trusted professionals who comprehend your home's unique needs. By implementing the guidance in this article by Mike Gable, you'll be well-equipped to make informed decisions that maintain your home comfortable, efficient, and problem-free for years to come. Don't wait for an emergency to discover who you can trust; start establishing those professional relationships today with Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning, your local authority in comprehensive home comfort solutions. <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eC78H7XbieA?si=Z_OzBDrsxaf8Gn7Q" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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