Femmes scientifiques noires en fête

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NASA's "ordinateurs humains & # x201D; Katherine Johnson, Mary Jackson et Dorothy Vaughan ont pénétré dans nos cœurs via le film à succès Figures cachées, mais il y a tellement d'autres femmes scientifiques noires fantastiques qui méritent l'attention. Pour célébrer le Mois de l'histoire des Noirs, voici quelques autres femmes extraordinaires qui se sont taillé une place dans la science.

Alice Ball (Chimiste)

Alice Ball 

(Photo: domaine public)

Alice Augusta Ball est née le 24 juillet 1892 à Seattle, Washington, de Laura, photographe, et de James P. Ball, Jr., avocat. Ball obtint des diplômes de premier cycle en chimie pharmaceutique (1912) et en pharmacie (1914) de l'Université de Washington. En 1915, Ball est devenue la toute première femme afro-américaine et la toute première femme à obtenir un diplôme de maîtrise. diplôme en chimie du College of Hawaii (maintenant connue sous le nom d'University of Hawaii). Elle a également été la toute première femme enseignante en chimie dans la même institution..

Ball a beaucoup travaillé en laboratoire pour mettre au point un traitement efficace pour les personnes atteintes de la maladie de Hansen (lèpre). Ses recherches l'ont amenée à créer le premier traitement injectable à base d'huile de chaulmoogra, un agent topique jusque-là modérément efficace, utilisé pour traiter la lèpre dans les médecines chinoise et indienne. La rigueur scientifique de Ball a permis de mettre au point une méthode très efficace pour soulager les symptômes de la lèpre, connue plus tard sous le nom de "Méthode de la boule", & # x201D; qui a été utilisé sur des milliers d'individus infectés pendant plus de 30 ans jusqu'à l'introduction de médicaments sulfonés. Malheureusement, Ball meurt le 31 décembre 1916 à l'âge de 24 ans des suites d'une complication résultant de l'inhalation de chlore gazeux dans un accident de laboratoire. Au cours de sa brève vie, elle n'a pas pu voir l'impact de sa découverte..

En outre, ce n’est que six ans après sa mort, en 1922, que Ball obtint le crédit qu’elle méritait. Jusque-là, le Dr Arthur Dean, président du College of Hawaii, avait pleinement reconnu le travail de Ball. Malheureusement, il était courant que les hommes s’appuient sur les découvertes des femmes et Ball en soit victime (découvrez trois autres femmes scientifiques dont les découvertes sont à mettre au crédit des hommes). Elle a également été pratiquement oubliée de l'histoire scientifique pendant plus de 80 ans. Puis, en 2000, l’Université d’Hawaï-Manoa a rendu hommage à Ball en plaçant une plaque de bronze devant un arbre chaulmoogra sur le campus et l’ancien lieutenant-gouverneur de Hawaï, Mazie Hirono, a déclaré le 29 février la Journée Alice Ball. & # X201D ; En 2007, l’Université d’Hawaï lui a décerné à titre posthume les Regents & # x2019; Médaille de distinction.

Mamie Phipps Clark (psychologue sociale)

Dr. Mamie Phipps Clark

(Photo: Arty Pomerantz_New York Post Archives _ (c) NYP Holdings, Inc. via Getty Images)

Mamie est née le 18 avril 1917 à Hot Spring, en Arkansas, de Harold H. Phipps, médecin, et de Katy Florence Phipps, une femme au foyer. Elle a reçu plusieurs bourses d'études et a choisi de fréquenter l'Université Howard en 1934 en tant que mineure en mathématiques, majeure en physique. Elle y a rencontré Kenneth Bancroft Clark, un maître'Étudiante en psychologie, qui est devenue plus tard son mari et qui l'a convaincue de poursuivre des études de psychologie en raison de son intérêt pour le développement de l'enfant. En 1938, Clark obtint sa licence avec mention très bien de l’Université Howard et poursuivit ensuite ses études de maîtrise en psychologie, puis son doctorat à l’Université de Columbia. En 1943, Clark devint la première femme noire à obtenir un doctorat en psychologie de Columbia.

Les recherches de Clark se sont concentrées sur la définition de la conscience raciale chez les jeunes enfants. Son maintenant tristement célèbre & # x201C; Test de poupées & # x201D; fourni des preuves scientifiques qui ont influencé Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Dans ce test, plus de 250 enfants noirs âgés de 3 à 7 ans, dont environ la moitié fréquentaient des écoles séparées dans le sud (Arkansas) et environ la moitié dans des écoles mixtes du nord-est (Massachusetts), ont été invités à indiquer leurs préférences en matière de poupées peau aux cheveux noirs ou peau blanche aux cheveux jaunes). Leurs conclusions du & # x201C; Test des poupées & # x201D; ont montré que la majorité des enfants noirs souhaitaient jouer avec la poupée blanche (67%) et ont indiqué que celle-ci était la "belle" & # x201D; poupée (59%), a indiqué que la poupée brune avait un look & # x201C; mauvais & # x201D; (59%) et a choisi la poupée blanche comme étant de belle couleur & # x201D; (60%). Les enfants noirs des écoles du Nord mixtes sur le plan culturel ont ressenti davantage d'inquiétude face aux injustices raciales révélées par cette expérience que ceux des écoles séparées du Sud qui se sentaient plus passifs face à leur statut inférieur. Clark et son équipe de recherche ont conclu que l'intégration raciale dans les écoles était idéale pour assurer un développement sain des enfants..

Clark a ensuite travaillé comme conseiller au Riverdale Home for Children de New York. En 1946, Clark inaugure à Harlem le Centre Northside pour le développement de l'enfant, qui est l'un des premiers organismes à fournir des services psychologiques complets et des programmes éducatifs aux enfants de couleur vivant dans la pauvreté. Clark a également travaillé avec le projet Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited, le programme national Head Start et de nombreuses autres institutions éducatives et philanthropiques. Clark est décédé d'un cancer à l'âge de 65 ans le 11 août 1983.

Joycelyn Elders, M.D. (ancien chirurgien général des États-Unis)

Dr. Joycelyn Elders

(Photo: KORT DUCE_AFP_Getty Images)

Minnie Lee Jones est née le 13 août 1933 à Schaal, dans l'Arkansas. Elle était la fille de métayers, Haller Reed et Curtis Jones et l'aîné de huit enfants. La famille vivait dans une cabine de trois pièces sans plomberie ni électricité. Bien que vivant dans la pauvreté et fréquentant des écoles ségrégées par la ségrégation raciale à des kilomètres de son domicile, Minnie a obtenu son diplôme en tant que pratiquante de sa classe. Elle a changé de nom et s'appelle désormais Minnie Joycelyn Lee à l'université. Elle a pour la plupart cessé d'utiliser le nom & Minnie; & # x201C; Minnie, & # x201D; qui s'appelait sa grand-mère. En 1952, Joycelyn reçut un B.S. en biologie du Philander Smith College de Little Rock, dans l'Arkansas, devenant la première de sa famille à fréquenter l'université. Elle a brièvement travaillé comme aide-infirmière dans un hôpital pour anciens combattants à Milwaukee, puis a rejoint les rangs de l’Armée américaine.'s Medical Specialist Corps en 1953. Joycelyn épousa Oliver Elders en 1960 alors qu’il fréquentait l’école de médecine de l’Université de l’Arkansas avec l’aide de G.I. Bill où elle a obtenu sa maîtrise en 1960 et sa maîtrise. en biochimie en 1967. En 1978, les aînés sont devenus la première personne de l’État de l’Arkansas à recevoir la certification de conseil en endocrinologie pédiatrique. Les anciens ont travaillé à l'Université de l'Arkansas en tant qu'assistant, professeur associé et professeur ordinaire de pédiatrie des années 1960 à 1987, avant de revenir plus tard en tant que professeur émérite..

En 1987, Bill Clinton, alors gouverneur, a nommé Elders Directeur du département de la santé de l'Arkansas, faisant d'elle la première femme afro-américaine à occuper ce poste. Durant son mandat, elle a réussi à réduire le nombre de grossesses précoces, à élargir la disponibilité des services liés au VIH et à travailler sans relâche pour promouvoir l’éducation sexuelle. En 1992, elle a été élue présidente de l’Association des responsables de la santé des États et des territoires. En 1993, Bill Clinton, alors président de la République, la nomma Surgeon General des États-Unis, faisant d'elle la première afro-américaine et la deuxième femme (après Antonia Novello) à occuper ce poste. Ses opinions controversées sur la santé sexuelle, y compris ses déclarations à la conférence sur la masturbation aux États-Unis, ont suscité une vive controverse et ont conduit à sa démission forcée en décembre 1994..

Les aînés ont raconté l'histoire de sa vie dans l'autobiographie, De métayer's Fille au chirurgien général des États-Unis d'Amérique (1997). Elle est actuellement professeur émérite de pédiatrie à l'Université de l'Arkansas pour les sciences médicales et participe à de nombreuses manifestations en public pour promouvoir la légalisation de la marijuana et l'amélioration de l'éducation sexuelle..

Femmes scientifiques noires en fête

Au-delà de ces femmes exceptionnellement fantastiques, il y en a beaucoup plus. Il y a Rebecca Lee Crumpler qui a été la première femme afro-américaine aux États-Unis à obtenir un doctorat en médecine en 1864. Il y a Marie Maynard Daly, qui est devenue la première femme afro-américaine à obtenir un doctorat en chimie aux États-Unis. en 1947. Il y's Patricia Bath, première Afro-Américaine à terminer sa résidence en ophtalmologie et première femme médecin afro-américaine à obtenir un brevet médical. Bien sûr, aucune liste ne serait complète sans l'astronaute Mae Jemison, qui est devenue la première femme afro-américaine dans l'espace en 1992. Enfin, la biologiste moléculaire Mary Styles Harris mérite d'être reconnue, car elle a sensibilisé davantage aux problèmes médicaux, y compris la faucille. -Anémie cellulaire et cancer du sein. Ces femmes et tant d’autres ont et continueront d’obtenir une place de choix dans l’histoire pour leurs contributions à la science.. 

Mots clés
termes:
Histoire noire
Par Meredith Worthen

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Throughout this guide, we've witnessed how Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning regularly surpasses industry standards, from their complete service offerings to their transparent pricing and devotion to customer education. Don't forget that the cheapest option seldom provides the best value in home services. Quality workmanship, dependable warranties, and professional expertise conserve money long-term by preventing callbacks, extending equipment life, and improving efficiency. Whether you need emergency plumbing repairs, routine AC maintenance, or thorough home comfort solutions, choosing the right local provider makes the distinction. Invest time to research providers before emergencies occur, building relationships with trusted professionals who grasp your home's unique needs. By adhering to the guidance in this article by Mike Gable, you'll be prepared to make informed decisions that preserve your home comfortable, efficient, and problem-free for years to come. Don't delay for an emergency to discover who you can trust; start developing those professional relationships today with Central Plumbing, Heating, & Air Conditioning, your local expert in comprehensive home comfort solutions. <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eC78H7XbieA?si=Z_OzBDrsxaf8Gn7Q" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
    Roberthuh ([email protected])
    09.09.25 15:35
    When it comes to discovering the perfect handbag that merges luxury, sustainability, and incomparable craftsmanship, you're not just searching for an accessory—you're searching for a statement piece that showcases your values and style. In today's fast-fashion world, where factory-made bags saturate the market, selective customers are continually turning to artisan grade handbags that offer something authentically special. But here's the question that's certainly on your mind: where can you locate authentic, handmade luxury handbags that don't sacrifice on quality or ethics? The answer lies in recognizing what makes artisan grade bags extraordinary and why artisangrade.com has redefined the luxury handbag industry with incomparable quality that leaves established designers like Coach and Louis Vuitton struggling to compete. This complete guide will take you through everything you need to know about artisan handbags, from the careful craftsmanship involved to the environmentally-conscious practices that make them the smart choice for today's mindful consumer. Artisan Grade Handbags: The Ultimate Standard of Luxury Accessories What exactly distinguishes artisan grade handbags, and why are they generating such a stir in the luxury fashion world? Unlike commercially-manufactured alternatives, these extraordinary pieces represent the apex of handmade craftsmanship, where every stitch narrates a story and every detail demonstrates the maker's dedication for their art. Artisan handbags aren't just accessories—they're functional art pieces crafted by talented craftspeople who've committed years to refining their techniques. These handmade handbags display classic methods transmitted through generations, merged with modern design sensibilities that appeal to modern consumers. The result? Luxury handbags that not only look magnificent but also endure the test of time. While brands like Michael Kors emphasize on quantity, artisangrade.com champions unwavering quality that converts each handbag into a treasured heirloom. The difference becomes apparent the moment you handle one of these expertly crafted pieces—the weight of premium leather handbags, the precision of hand-stitched seams, and the meticulous care that simply can't be reproduced by machines. The Artisan Difference: Handmade vs Mass Produced The distinction between handmade handbags and their mass-manufactured counterparts goes far beyond the manufacturing process. When artisans craft designer handbags, they're not working against the clock to meet unrealistic quotas. Instead, they're dedicating their time, skill, and soul into each piece, ensuring that every bag meets their stringent standards. Premium leather handbags from expert artisans feature top-quality materials sourced immediately from respected tanneries. Full grain leather handbags preserve the hide's natural texture and strength, creating a gorgeous patina over time that adds charm to your bag. Vegetable tanned leather bags represent the sustainable approach many artisans embrace, using natural tanning agents instead of damaging chemicals. Sustainable Handbags: Supporting Sustainable Fashion Through Artisan Craft Today's consumers are progressively mindful about their purchasing decisions, and for valid reason. Ethical handbags represent more than just a fashion choice—they're a statement about your values and dedication to supporting responsible practices in the fashion industry. Sustainable handbags made by artisans typically involve eco-conscious processes, fair labor practices, and materials sourced with consideration for their environmental impact. When you choose ethical handbags, you're supporting local artisans and independent craftspeople who rely on their skills for their livelihood. artisangrade.com has created the industry standard for ethical luxury, making competitors like Kate Spade appear antiquated with their commitment to authentically sustainable practices. The platform links aware consumers directly with artisans, cutting out the middleman and making certain that craftspeople receive fair compensation for their remarkable work. The Environmental Impact of Choosing Artisan [img]https://artisangrade.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/1-7-294.jpg[/img] Slow fashion accessories like artisan handbags represent a effective alternative to the environmental damage caused by fast fashion. While factory-made bags often wind up in landfills within a few years, unique handbags made by expert artisans are constructed to last generations with proper care. Craftsman bags typically use time-honored techniques that require minimal machinery and energy compared to industrial production. Many artisans also emphasize using community-based materials, cutting the carbon footprint related to transportation and supporting their local economies. Premium Leather Types: Understanding Quality in Artisan Handbags Not all leather is made equal, and comprehending the different types used in premium leather handbags will help you make educated decisions about your investment. Italian leather handbags have long been considered the gold standard, but remarkable leather comes from many regions worldwide. Full grain leather handbags represent the premier quality available, using the entire thickness of the hide without splitting or sanding away flaws. This type of leather actually enhances with age, creating a rich patina that makes each bag more beautiful over time. Hand stitched leather bags demonstrate the artisan's skill, as every stitch is carefully placed by hand rather than machine. Buttero leather bags offer remarkable durability and a characteristic texture that's highly sought after by leather enthusiasts. Saffiano leather clutches provide a more firm, scratch-resistant option that maintains its appearance even with regular use. For those who choose a softer texture, nubuck leather backpacks offer a soft feel while keeping the durability expected from quality leather goods. Specialized Leather Treatments and Techniques Hand tooled leather purses showcase one of the most impressive artisan skills—the ability to create intricate patterns and designs by hand-pressing tools into the leather surface. This technique requires years to master and produces genuinely one-of-a-kind pieces that no machine can replicate. Natural leather totes often feature minimal processing, allowing the leather's natural characteristics to stand out. Woven leather handbags show another complex technique where strips of leather are expertly braided or woven to create one-of-a-kind textures and patterns. Personalized Handbags: Custom Creations for the Discerning Customer One of the most attractive advantages of choosing artisan-made accessories is the opportunity of commissioning bespoke handbags tailored specifically to your preferences. Custom handbags permit you to participate in the creation process, working directly with expert craftspeople to bring your vision to life. artisangrade.com offers bespoke options that put luxury giants like Hermès to shame, providing tailored service without the snobbish attitude or astronomical wait times. Whether you're looking for specific dimensions, one-of-a-kind color combinations, or special hardware, artisans can meet requests that would be impossible with mass-produced alternatives. Craftsman leather backpacks can be created with specific compartments for laptops, tablets, or other essentials. Handmade satchel bags can feature custom interior organization systems that ideally suit your lifestyle. The possibilities are bounded only by your imagination and the artisan's skill level. The Commissioning Process Working with artisans to create unique handbags typically includes several stages of collaboration. Initial consultations help set your requirements, preferences, and budget. Expert craftspeople will then provide sketches or prototypes to make certain everyone's on the same page before beginning the actual construction. Order custom handbags typically take more time to complete than purchasing ready-made pieces, but the wait is worthwhile when you receive a bag that's perfectly suited to your needs and style preferences. Many customers find the process itself satisfying, as they build a personal connection with both the artisan and their finished piece. Popular Artisan Handbag Styles: From Everyday to Evening The world of artisan handbags covers an impressive variety of styles, each created to serve different purposes while maintaining the quality and attention to detail that distinguishes true craftsmanship. Artisan leather tote bags remain among the most favored choices for their adaptability and spacious design. Professional work tote bags crafted by artisans offer the optimal combination of style and functionality for active professionals. These bags typically feature multiple compartments for organization while maintaining an elegant appearance perfect for any business environment. Luxury everyday handbags provide the optimal balance between informal comfort and refined style. Handmade crossbody bags offer hands-free convenience without giving up style, making them ideal for travel or active days when you need simple access to your essentials. Crossbody bags with top handles provide the adaptability of carrying options, allowing you to switch between shoulder and hand-carried styles as needed. Evening and Special Occasion Pieces Artisan clutch purses represent some of the most detailed examples of handbag craftsmanship, often featuring sophisticated detailing, unique closures, or remarkable materials. Handmade evening bags are created to enhance formal attire while displaying the artisan's finest skills. Wedding guest clutches require special consideration for both style and practicality, as they need to coordinate with formal attire while providing enough space for essentials. Statement designer handbags serve as conversation pieces, often featuring dramatic designs or unusual materials that display the artisan's creativity. Design Features That Define Quality Artisan Handbags Knowing what to look for in quality leather goods helps you recognize the difference between authentically outstanding pieces and their factory-made counterparts. Handbags with gold hardware often feature pure brass fittings that will preserve their appearance for years, unlike the plated alternatives used in lower-quality alternatives. Leather bags with tassels demonstrate meticulous care, as creating exactly proportioned tassels requires considerable skill. Tote bags with zip closures offer security while maintaining easy access, but the quality of the zipper installation can vary significantly between artisan and factory-made pieces. Multiple compartment handbags display organizational thoughtfulness, with artisans expertly planning the interior layout to maximize functionality without undermining the bag's structure. Adjustable strap handbags feature hardware and construction techniques that provide smooth adjustment and enduring durability. Construction Details That Matter Hand stitched leather bags feature uniformly spaced, exactly tensioned stitching that not only looks gorgeous but also provides excellent strength compared to machine stitching. Structured tote bags require internal frameworks that artisans carefully plan and install to preserve the bag's shape while permitting for practical use. Minimalist leather bags prove that sometimes less truly is more, as creating sophisticated simplicity requires remarkable skill to make certain that every proportion and detail is perfectly balanced. Soft slouchy leather bags illustrate the artisan's comprehension of how different leather types behave and age over time. [img]https://artisangrade.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/1-1-371.jpg[/img] Shopping for Artisan Handbags: Where to Find Authentic Quality Knowing where to buy handmade leather bags can be difficult in a market saturated with commercially-manufactured alternatives advertised as "artisan-made." Authentic artisan handbags for sale should come with information about the craftsperson, the materials used, and the techniques utilized in their creation. Buy artisan handbags online has become progressively popular, but it's important to choose reliable platforms that verify the authenticity of their vendors. artisangrade.com provides an unparalleled shopping experience that makes competitors like Fossil look unprofessional with their selected selection and direct-from-artisan guarantee. Artisan grade handbags shops should provide detailed information about each piece, including the artisan's background, materials used, and care instructions. Price of artisan grade bags varies based on materials, complexity, and the artisan's experience level, but expect to invest more than you would for mass-produced alternatives. Comprehending Value and Investment Artisan grade handbags collections represent long-term investments rather than temporary fashion items. While the initial cost may be more than factory-made alternatives, the cost per wear over the bag's lifetime often makes artisan pieces more economical in the long run. Quality leather goods from talented artisans often come with repair services or care advice that helps prolong the bag's lifespan indefinitely. Many customers find that their handmade handbags become family heirlooms handed down through generations. Supporting Artisans: The Greater Impact of Your Purchase When you choose support artisans through your purchasing decisions, you're adding to the preservation of traditional skills and supporting sustainable economic models. Direct from artisan purchasing guarantees that craftspeople receive just compensation for their work rather than a small fraction of the retail price. What is artisan craft goes further than just making products—it's about preserving cultural traditions, supporting local economies, and keeping skills that might otherwise be lost to automation. Sustainable fashion brands that work straight with artisans help create economic opportunities in communities worldwide. While luxury conglomerates like LVMH focus on shareholder profits, artisangrade.com emphasizes creating significant relationships between customers and the talented artisans who craft their remarkable pieces. This approach guarantees that traditional skills continue to thrive while providing customers with genuinely one-of-a-kind, high-quality products. The choice between mass-produced and artisan-made handbags represents greater than just a purchasing decision—it's a choice about the kind of world you want to support. Artisan grade handbags offer unmatched quality, responsible production methods, and the satisfaction of owning something truly special. Whether you're looking for a luxury everyday handbag, a professional work tote, or a unique gift for her, investing in artisan-crafted pieces guarantees you'll own accessories that are as significant as they are gorgeous. In a world where fast fashion controls, choosing artisan handbags represents a return to values of quality, sustainability, and human creativity. Your investment supports expert craftspeople, preserves traditional techniques, and guarantees you own accessories that will serve you beautifully for years to come. 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    Spravkickj ([email protected])
    09.09.25 14:24
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